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• INSIDE OF THE VIENNA SECESSION BUILDING INTERIOR MANUAL

It was followed in 1864 by the first glass and metal curtain wall. This kind of austere industrial architecture and the rolling steel mills that filled the sky with black clouds of smoke and coal dust utterly transformed the landscape of northern Britain, leading the poet William Blake to describe places like Manchester and parts of West Yorkshire as “Dark satanic mills.” The Crystal Palace, designed by Joseph Paxton for the Great Exhibition of 1851, was an early example of iron and glass construction.

It was not until the early 1830s that English engineer Eaton Hodgkinson introduced the section beam, leading to widespread use of iron construction. Due to poor knowledge of iron’s properties as a construction material, a number of early mills collapsed. Such construction greatly strengthened the structure of mills, which enabled them to accommodate much bigger machines. In 1796, Shrewsbury mill owner Charles Bage first used his “fireproof” design, which relied on cast iron and brick with flagstone floors. With the Industrial Revolution, the increasing availability of new building materials such as iron, steel, and sheet glass drove the invention of equally new building techniques. Designed by Joseph Paxton, the Great Exhibition building was 1,851 feet (564 m) long, with an interior height of 128 feet (39 m). More than 14,000 exhibitors from around the world gathered in the Palace’s 990,000 square feet (92,000 m2) of exhibition space to display examples of the latest technology developed in the Industrial Revolution. Crystal Palace: A cast-iron and plate-glass building erected in Hyde Park, London, England, to house the Great Exhibition of 1851.

“Form follows function” is attributed to him although he credited the origin of the concept to an ancient Roman architect.

INSIDE OF THE VIENNA SECESSION BUILDING INTERIOR MANUAL

Industrial Revolution: The major technological, socioeconomic, and cultural change in the late 18th and early 19th century when the economy shifted from one based on manual labor to one dominated by machine manufacture.